The Universe
Explanations
This learning section is certainly not easy, but I will try to present it as understandable as possible.
If something remains unclear to you,
if you have any questions,
or if you want to know if it is correct as you have understood it,
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The history of the Universe
Content
The beginning of everything
In the beginning there was nothing. But everything was filled with radiant, pure energy. In this everlasting energy, a tiny bubble of space-time was created. It was also filled with energy. This space-time bubble expanded faster than the light. By the rapid expansion of the space-time bubble a negative pressure developed. To balance this, more and more energy shot into the bubble. At the same time, the expansion caused the inside of the spacetime bubble to cool slowly, very very slowly. With the spacetime bubble, a field had formed that filled the bubble, the Higgs field. Tiny areas of energy in the spacetime bubble felt more strongly than others and matter formed from energy. The resulting Higgs field interacted with matter-bearing particles and spacetime and slowed down these particles. Then a symmetry breaking occurred.
What is this?
.......
In the beginning there was nothing. But everything was filled with radiant, pure energy. In this everlasting energy a tiny bubble of space-time was created. It too was filled with energy. This space-time bubble expanded faster than light. The rapid expansion of the space-time bubble created a negative pressure. To compensate for this, more and more energy shot into the bubble. At the same time, the expansion caused the inside of the space-time bubble to cool down slowly, very very slowly. With the space-time bubble a field had formed that filled the bubble, the Higgs field. Tiny areas of energy in the space-time bubble felt stronger than others and matter was formed from energy. The resulting Higgs field interacted with matter particles and spacetime and slowed down these particles. Then a symmetry break occurred.
What is this?
.......
How space and time came about
Space and time originated together. At the same time as the spacetime bubble formed in the eternal energy, a temperature-dependent field also arose, which mediated an interaction between the spacetime bubble and the emerging matter. So we can state:
- Space
- time and
- matter
are connected. They influence each other. A change in one area affects the other two areas. The total amount of energy in this triangle of space-time and matter, always remains the same.
This is difficult to understand.
You will learn more about it in this chapter.
Matter originated from pure energy which remained after the annihilation of particles and antiparticles and so filled the space-time bubble just originated.
Not all energy was changed into matter particles. Only a very small part became the matter visible today, which formed all galaxies, suns, planets and moons, which we see today in the universe.
The space-time bubble and matter-affected particles, whose interaction was mediated by the Higgs field, influence each other. They interact with each other and form structures in the fabric of spacetime. The more matter and thus the more gravity (=gravity) mediated by the Higgs field, the stronger is this interaction between matter and spacetime. Very large masses, such as black holes, can bend spacetime so much that a node is formed in spacetime. This creates an area from which matter can no longer escape and even light cannot escape.
The first light fills space and time
The beginning of our universe was at first pure energy which filled the inflating space-time bubble. It had remained after the mutual annihilation of particles and antiparticles. The inflationary expansion of our space-time bubble had also caused a cooling. While the bubble expanded more and more, faster than the light, material particles were formed, which interacted with the structure of the space-time bubble. Larger accumulations of "crystallizing" matter formed larger spacetime structures and smaller accumulations formed smaller structures. The "smooth" spacetime bubble developed minute deviations in its interior.
Thereby expansion and cooling went on and on.
More and more net-like structures formed and the gravity connected with the spacetime structure pulled more and more matter into the net structure of the interior of the spacetime bubble. These structural changes of the inside of the spacetime bubble are called "dark matter" today. It forms the net structure and is not dark at all, but invisible, because it does not emit light and also does not interact with light.
In these net-like canyons of the inside of the space-time bubble more and more visible matter accumulated. It forms today accumulations of clusters and superclusters of galaxies.
The "dark" (better the invisible matter) is the gravitational effect of the changed space-time structures, thus a network in the space-time structure of the inside of the space-time bubble.
At first there was so much energy in the space-time bubble that only with the formation of the structures and the cooling progressing more and more, areas had to form in which the "crystallization" of matter led to even bigger energy withdrawal. There were formed
- neutrons
- protons and
- electrons
Only when the first atoms were formed and the electrons were forced into orbits around protons, atoms "crystallized out", so to speak. The electrons were now forced to a narrow residence probability around protons and the space became "empty".
Now the energetic light particles could use the emptiness and start their journey with the speed of light. This was about 380,000 years after the spacetime bubble was created.
Scientists were able to take a "photo" of that moment when the light began its journey.
The baby photo of the universe.
Stars and galaxies form and with them the heavy elements
380,000 years after the creation of the space-time bubble in the eternal light, the light in the space-time bubble was liberated. Structures of "dark" matter had changed the network inside the space-time bubble and visible matter had formed. By the network in the space-time bubble the matter concentrated as hot atomic gas in the "canyons" of the space-time and cooled down more and more. From these gas concentrations first enormous stars formed, which burned hot and fast. While our small, slow-burning sun has about 10 billion
10.000.000.000 (ten billion) years
will live - it is now about 4,500,000,000 (four and a half billion) years old,
the life of these super giants was after
100,000,000 (one hundred million) years over. So our sun will be
10,000 (ten thousand) times longer live.
These supergiants died in enormous explosions, in which also heavy elements - heavier, that is more protons than with the iron (26 protons in the core and 26 electrons in the shell) - were created.
The remnants that remained after the explosion formed "black" holes. Again, the term is not quite right. "Black" holes are enormous distortions inside the spacetime bubble. Here the space-time is so strongly bent that not even the light can escape. This knot in the space-time has a supergravity and attracts more and more matter. As a result, these first "black" holes became supermassive black holes with the mass of up to several
1,000,000,000 (billion) masses of our sun !
Today we find supermassive "black" holes with supergravity in almost every center of every galaxy in the universe. The supermassive "black" hole in our galaxy, the Milky Way, is called Sagittarius A star (Sgr A*) and has a mass of
4,300,000 (four thousand three hundred million) masses of our Sun.
After the first giant suns came a second generation of stars, formed from the gases of the explosions of the first stars. Since these gases, from which they formed, contained heavy elements, these suns were already filled with heavier elements and produced again still heavier elements with their expolsions.
Our sun is a third generation sun. It was formed about four and a half billion years ago from the gas ejected by the supernova explosion of a second generation sun.